The Body And Reproduction Of Femininity - 1559 Words

In the western world, concepts of gender have historically been divided into two parts: masculinity and femininity. At birth we are labelled male or female and treated accordingly by our parents and society. Masculinity is seen as strong, confident and dominant and femininity is seen as being white, thin and young. Hegemonic femininity is seen as the model of what it means to be a female and society sets this standard that all women are meant to embody. These specific characteristics â€Å"represent† what it is to be feminine. Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, in their article â€Å"Doing Gender† and in Susan Bordo’s article â€Å"The Body and Reproduction of Femininity† respectively, show how femininity is a social construct that is reflected through various social interactions. There are five main concepts discussed in West and Zimmerman’s article. These concepts include accountability, the idea that gender structures interaction, gender being â€Å"unnatural† and gender as a routine accomplishment. There are also concepts drawn from Bordo’s article, which is culture helps shape femininity. These all contribute to the notion of how femininity is a social construction and how it is displayed in many different forms. One relevant concept in West and Zimmerman’s article â€Å"Doing Gender† is accountability. It is believed that individuals who participate in gender do it for acceptance and evaluation of other individuals. West and Zimmerman state that societal members orient to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedThe Terror of Obesity1584 Words   |  7 Pages Human body has always been a profound symbol. In modernist writing, body, as it was, is a gendered theme. Female body has long been viewed in subtle connection with primitivism and sensuality. 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A person’s perspective is often influenced by their surroundings as well as values with which they were raised, both of which are never identical between two peopleRead MoreAdvertising Guide Consumers Thinking, Actions And Behaviour1421 Words   |  6 Pagesapparatus for the reproduction of our gender identities. Our retrospective identities as men and women for whom ‘the signifier â€Å"woman† always signifies women: we recognise ourselves in any representation of woman, however â€Å"original†, because we are always already defined by our gender’ (Winship 1980: 218 f.) It is common to think of gender constitution as distinct from sexual constitution, in that male and female sex is biologically given whereas the masculinity or femininity of gender is culturalyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe physical body has been seen as many things both positive and negative. 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Subordination of women to men is prevalent in large parts of the world. We come across experiences where women are notRead MoreModern Culture : The Japanese Manga A Sub Culture Based Around Graphic Novels1606 Words   |  7 PagesIn Japanese modern culture, patriarchal constructs rule everyday ideology of what it is to be feminine, how the female body should look, and appropriate female sexual behaviour. Representations (and expectations) of the female form and sexuality are well depicted in the Japanese manga: graphic novel artwork that is read ubiquitously throughout Japan. Exploration of this art-form and the culture that grows around it provides a unique insight into current cultural attitudes in Japan. Shojo manga -Read MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Gender Analysis976 Words   |  4 Pagesminor roles to the central plot of the story. Written at a time when gender roles were unstable and shifting, the story lacks coherent representations of sexuality which, on the contrary, is rep resented in a discursive form and in a subtle fashion. Femininity, which is a seemingly alienated theme, was deeply probed and discussed in the novel. In the few descriptions of female characters in the novel, women are portrayed as humble complements to males in their society. The few female characters

Evaluation Of A Long Term Care Facility - 1462 Words

Admission into a long-term care facility can be a very difficult transition that may trigger or exacerbate depression symptoms in the elderly, resulting in decreased quality of life and increased risk of hospitalization (Miu Chan, 2010). Hoover et al. (2010) states that up to 54.4% of nursing home residents suffer from depression; however, screening of depression upon admission to long-term care is not currently mandated. The purpose of this change project is to implement policy to make depression screening a part of the admission process of long-term care residents. Review of Literature Hoover et al. (2010) examined the prevalence of the diagnosis of depression of long-term care residents upon admission and new depression diagnosis†¦show more content†¦This study concluded that depression during the first year of residence in a nursing home has risen from 42% in 1999 to 54% in 2005 and found those who were admitted from another facility were more likely to be diagnosed wi th depression (Hoover et al., 2010). A study in Slovakia, by Kabà ¡tovà ¡, Urà ­Ã„ kovà ¡, and Botà ­kovà ¡ (2014), studied the prevalence of depression in long-term care residents, to determine the risk factors linked to depression, and the influence of risk factors on the extent of the depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The sample consisted of 84 long-term care residents age 65 or older with the exclusion criteria of those with an existing diagnosis of depression and those who had antidepressant treatment. Other data collection tools used were the Folstien s Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living, and a 5-point numerical scale for pain assessment, additionally, each resident was screened for marital status. Data was collected over a one month time period in 3 different long-term care facilities. This study concluded that 60.7% of the sample group suffered from depression, with 32.1% being mildly depressed, and 2 8.6% being severely depressed. The conclusion of this study showed that the coloration between marital status a diagnosis of depression was statistically significant, with widows having the highest rate of depression. Pain was also

Introduction to Government and Politics for Multiculturalism

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Government and Politics for Multiculturalism. Answer: Multiculturalism to citizenship in Australian politics According to Metz, Australia is considered to be as that country where an ugly discrimination has been rising. Political leaders were not given much attention in the interest of good sense (Ng and Metz 2015). Australia have been shifting away from multiculturalism to citizenship in the era of politics. People of Australia have embraced life in the new multiethnic way but the constituency of the situation has grown steadily. The Australian theory of multiculturalism had been challenged as a policy and as well as a conceptual framework. Australia draws on the media commentary along with the work of specific and well-known researchers Thus, the values of the Australians and citizens gave their opinion on the existing anxieties about the portions of the population of Australia. The essay concludes stating how this country have shifted away to multiculturalism. Multiculturalism was a theory and concept of how to reply to the rising ethnocultural diversity of the society of Australia. It had resulted in the mass immigration over the last few decades and had therefore abandoned the racially restricted policies of immigration. The term multiculturalism refers to a number of policies and cultural diversities that coherent ideals of the society. This concept has had plenty of goals over the years, which included the recognition of identities and integration of migrants. However, this concept has taken place in Australia and has criticized it as a diverse policy. The Government of Australia have determined these under the policies of multicultural that play a vital role in the process of settling the immigrants. This theory explained this as the way for settling the migrants, welfare and social-cultural policy in Australia (Bloemraad 2015). This Government had established a vast variety of multiculturalist ideas, policies and concepts into the ad visory systems. The Minister had determined these policies and rules for providing a reform agenda to address the welfare problems (Peucker, Roose and Akbarzadeh 2014). The acceptance of the nature and kind of the multicultural Australian Society, it can be implied that the government had determined the values in of the immigrants as well as the existing citizens of the country (Meer and Modood 2016). The report that was created globally stated and concluded that all the members of the society must be provided with equal opportunities to realize the full potential and they should also have free access to the services and programs (Pruitt 2016). Secondly, every individual must be able to balance his or her respected kind of culture, which did not have any kind of demerit. It helps in encouraging and understanding other cultures. Thirdly, the programs and services that are available to the entire community of the country should fulfill the needs of the migrants. Proper and special pro grams and services must be present for ensuring the equality. Lastly, proper programs and services were designed in full session with the clients involved and they should be helpful. The Government agreed upon these policies and all the citizens were informed about it. The Australian Muslims were supported and they were made to be more integrated and connected with the other citizens present in the community or the country. In terms of employment, jobs, education, activities it is regarded as a significant method of prohibiting violence causing against Australia (Tan 2017). This work began a decade back in 2007 where Markus had polled for more than 40,000 people to find what everyone thinks about the Australia and its future. His work was to move around the country by briefing politicians, commentators and bureaucrats before forming the each new report. He was cautious about and against both despair and optimism. The swings of opinion were not considered to be dangerous as its been recognized here. However, the present report states that maximum number of Australians declines the notion of selecting immigrants by race (Blair 2015). Majority people of the country have faith in the fact that multiculturalism and believe that it is good for the country. There are approximately 74% of individuals who had declined to choose immigrants based on the religion. The number of migrants Australia takes every year is either considered to be too low or perfect. The majority support of mass immigration is remarkable as it helps the country. This is because of the glob al financial crisis especially and the political parties involved everywhere had demanded the governments of Australia to not allow the foreigners. Marcus had also observed that the concept of Brexit and President Trump of the United States had rode the fear to victory (Moran 2017). The numbers of immigration did not move much. It was used as a method or measure for making the changes in Australia. However, Scanlon had done his survey for the last one decade and have put effort in making the changes. There are people who were held out to be hostile to Islam. Plenty of Australians were rising by being unaffected and falling fears of terrorism (Levey 2017). Therefore, in such a situation, there is an alert possibility that in such a sensitive territory, individuals give response to the political leaders. The number of individuals who got disturbed by the Muslims was not a greater number. As a society, Australia was doing well. They were under the pressure and were also coping up with the challenges (Hbert 2016). Many have been through the negative effect of immigration. However, adapting multiculturalism is not considered to be an easy task by the existing members of the country. People of the country wanted a resource especially for the people who wanted to work for the constituency and the size. There was a collapse of belief in the government of Australia. Hence, it does not leave any traditional embankment against the panic of race (Ng and Metz 2015). In the year of 2015, as per the Scanlon survey, they found the condition to be worse for Australias African community. Maximum number of individuals have reported of being the targets of abuse or worse as compared to the previous year. This was a contradictory statement to the concept of multiculturalism. This was not due to the reason that everyone all across the population is associating themselves in the process of discrimination. Although there have been consequences in this concept of multiculturalism and the environment legitimates that (Walsh 2014). According to the political narratives there is only one nation that is considered to be the losers in the modern economy. His study states something different that their contempt for government and their deep loyalty lies with Australia. The people of Australia voted their political leaders based on how they want their way of life and culture (Meer and Modood 2016). Followers of Hanson had revealed of not being disturbed by the change of the climate or by social issues and drugs that are faced by the country. People of Australia were never really worried or troubled about the difference and gap between the rich and the poor. Instead they wanted to help and support the governments when it needed. They are not aware of the national security of the country. People of Australia have been applying these methods by executing the changes across the country. Individuals feel secured in the environment of their country. As observed, hostility is only one existing board to immigration. Immigration is treated to be the most challenging issue faced by Australia (Peucker, Roose and Akbarzadeh 2014). It is believed that immigrants should be declined based on the race and religion of those individuals. They have also been discriminated based on these two factors. However, they do not allocate such belief in majority of the Australians that welcoming immigrants from all the different countries will make them strong and a powerful country. It can be stated that it is a good thing for the citizens of Australia if they consider the fact that immigrants or people from different countries make them strong (Bloemraad and Wright 2014). As per the theory of Marcus, Australia is considered a country of the young. Maximum number of the young crowd believes that immigrants from all the location of the world is what makes Australia powerful. Very less number of people have opposed and have negative feelings for the Muslims (Bloemraad and Wright 2014). Other than that, 94% of young citizens believes the fact that multiculturalism helps, supports and makes the country strong. This will be regarded as a positive point and a good idea for the benefit of the Australia (Chisari 2015). It was not just about multiculturalism but Marcus stated that they were dealing with the occurrence of education and of the people associating with the outer world with the help of internet. This is because the young people belong to a different generation as compared to the generation of their parents. Therefore, people belonging from the young generation will add prosperity to the country (Ruez 2016). Young people are the considered to be the hope of the country. This generation does not consider the physical differences and race, which did not matter to them. They do not discriminate individuals based on their race and religion even if they belong from a different culture. This shows how the society have shifted and adapted new approaches in handling immigrants. A politician should be bothered about his country and how to make sufficient developments in the future. Under the policies of Australia that are subjected to law, every Australian individual have the right to express their personal beliefs and culture. The Government funds for settling the services that identifies the urgency and need for a few particular programs that are based on the principles and rules of participation. Presently, every Australian state and the existing territories have certain regulations that deal with the concept of multiculturalism. All the Australian state and territories governments have set up agencies and bodies that deal with the issues of the cultural diversity (Westlake 2016). As per the jurisdictions, there are approaches that are applied depending on the nature of the multicultural policy, principles and structures. The 2000 Act, explained an array of public authorities as per which the services of multicultural deliver the obligations that can be applied in the state owned undertakings. The concept of multiculturalism has been expanded in this Act (Jo hns, Mansouri and Lobo 2015). However, in the past one decade, Australia there have been compared to Europe and America that have been through the public anxiety that acted as a threat to the social confusion. This concept has been treated as both a concept and a theory. Hence, in this theory it was determined and argued that majority number of supporters of multiculturalism had divergence between the methods and approaches that were applied (Flew et al. 2017). It can be concluded stating that the Australian values have been shifted from the concept of multiculturalism. The last policy of the Government was related to the concept of established security that concerned about the consequences of terrorism as per the authors Bloemraad and Wright 2014. Therefore, the political leaders should not have any difficulty in presenting the multicultural Australia. Australia should not be stressed on the cultural diversity of the country as multiculturalism brings in innovation, ideas, achievement and skills that are suppose to be beneficial for the country. There have been confusion existing on multiculturalism that focuses on the policy of immigration. Different people have different cultural and occupational backgrounds. Plenty of individuals have expressed their concern about the immigrants. The confusion states that whether and how the Australian governments will associate themselves with the concept of multiculturalism in responding to the evolvi ng nature of Australian society at present and in future. This concept is good for the country, as it does not create any kind of confusion or trouble among the citizens of the country. It concludes stating that the research of the Committee must be positive about Australia for the growth, development and the process of implementation to an updated comprehensive multicultural policy. It highlights the increasingly cultural diverse of the society and suggested that Australia should strengthen the dimensions of race and culture. By doing so there will not be much differences between cultures existing in Australia. References: Blair, K., 2015. Young adults attitudes towards multiculturalism in Australia: tensions between the multicultural state and the intercultural citizen.Journal of Intercultural Studies,36(4), pp.431-449. Bloemraad, I. and Wright, M., 2014. Utter failure or unity out of diversity? Debating and evaluating policies of multiculturalism.International Migration Review,48(s1). Bloemraad, I., 2015. Theorizing and analyzing citizenship in multicultural societies.The Sociological Quarterly,56(4), pp.591-606. Chisari, M., 2015. Testing citizen identities: Australian migrants and the Australian values debate.Social Identities,21(6), pp.573-589. Flew, T., Harrington, S., Swift, A. and McNair, B., 2017.Politics, media and democracy in Australia: public and producer perceptions of the political public sphere. Routledge. Hbert, Y., 2016. Youth in Plural Cities, Multiculturalism and Citizenship: Policy Challenges and Opportunities.Foro de Educacin,14(20). Johns, A., Mansouri, F. and Lobo, M., 2015. Religiosity, citizenship and belonging: The everyday experiences of young Australian Muslims.Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,35(2), pp.171-190. Levey, G.B., 2017. 1. multiculturalism Intercultural dialogue regime: pitfalls under a and possibilities in Australia.Interculturalism at the crossroads: comparative perspectives on concepts, policies and practices, p.105. Meer, N. and Modood, T., 2016. Interculturalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship.Multiculturalism and Interculturalism. Debating the Dividing Lines, pp.27-52. Moran, A., 2017. Multiculturalism and Australian National Identity. InThe Public Life of Australian Multiculturalism(pp. 169-206). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Ng, E.S. and Metz, I., 2015. Multiculturalism as a strategy for national competitiveness: The case for Canada and Australia.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.253-266. Peucker, M., Roose, J.M. and Akbarzadeh, S., 2014. Muslim active citizenship in Australia: Socioeconomic challenges and the emergence of a Muslim elite.Australian Journal of Political Science,49(2), pp.282-299. Pruitt, L.J., 2016. Multiculturalism at play: young people and citizenship in Australia.Journal of Youth Studies,19(2), pp.269-285. Ruez, D., 2016. Working to appear: The plural and uneven geographies of race, sexuality, and the local state in Sydney, Australia.Environment and Planning D: Society and Space,34(2), pp.282-300. Tan, S.H. ed., 2017.Challenging citizenship: Group membership and cultural identity in a global age. Routledge. Walsh, J.P., 2014. The marketization of multiculturalism: Neoliberal restructuring and cultural difference in Australia.Ethnic and Racial Studies,37(2), pp.280-301. Westlake, D., 2016. Multiculturalism, political parties, and the conflicting pressures of ethnic minorities and far-right parties.Party Politics, p.1354068816678881.

Male and Female Sexuality Pre and Post Puberty free essay sample

The male and female bodies take different route when developing as the two genders add more years to their ages. This is because of the hormones that are being excreted, aiding development and altering changes in the physical, emotional and sexual well being of the body. Physically, most men are bigger and taller than women, often developing facial hair, pubic hair, acne, deep voices, broad shoulders and growth of penis. Females, on the other side are more emotional, have breast development, become more sensitive in some body parts, and go through monthly menstrual cycle. One is poised to ask if these development and changes in the human body come with an increase or decrease of sexual thoughts and/or if they remain constant over the years of a human lifespan. And if they are not constant, are hormones the only reason for the degrees of variation between male and female sexuality or do other external factors aid them? Many people believe that one begins to explore his or her body sexually when puberty sets in because of the sexual hormones that are being released at its peak at that age. We will write a custom essay sample on Male and Female Sexuality Pre and Post Puberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of this, people believe that human sexuality declines as one gets older because these hormones are released in very little amount that do not cause any sexual pleasure to the body. On the contrary, it is often believed that a child do not know or think about sex, but it has been observed that some children are fond of touching their genitalia when they are still infants and experience some kind of pleasure, even at a very young age. A research done states that it is part of normal development in these children to self stimulate themselves and up to one third of the children of this age group may be seen doing this sexual self stimulating act (Ratnakar, 2010). Since it is a normal development in children to self stimulates themselves, it is possible to state that both men and women think about sexual pleasure pre-puberty as much as they do after puberty. The role of puberty is to heighten the excitement of the sexual act and increase pleasure, but puberty is not the onset of sexuality. Sexuality—the capacity of sexual feelings—can occur at any age. A child and an older adult can both experience it, but at different levels. The difference, when it comes to puberty—which is the biological period where adolescents attain sexual maturity and are ready for reproduction—is the intensity at which that feeling can be experienced. This biological process may underline not only of the sexual attraction, but of cognition, emotions, motivations, and social behaviors as well (McClintock Herdt, 1996). Since sexuality is not affected by pubertal hormones because it can start very early in a child’s life, puberty becomes a vital developmental stage in one’s life because of the effect it has on sexuality. More so, there are two aspects of puberty that are important to male and female—pubertal status and pubertal timing (Peteren et al. , 1991). Pubertal status is the adolescent’s level of physical maturation while pubertal timing is whether the adolescent’s physical maturation is occurring late or on time. The level of sexual thoughts is the same for both male and female as the mature overtime. Another research shows that the relationship between sexuality and puberty may not be hormonal, but how male and female react to secondary sex characteristics (Zember, 2009). This means that in as much as the boys and girls are developing sexually in terms of puberty and the release of hormones, other factors can affect if they will engage in sexual acts or not. The environment or cultural influence can affect sexual behavior in both genders. If a child were raised in a society where sex is viewed in a liberal way, then such child would partake in sexual activity without any feeling of guilt as opposed to a child raised in a conservative society. Zember pointed out that hormones may enhance feelings of sexual arousal during and after puberty, but how girls and boys act on those feelings is very much determined by multiple internal and external variables combined. (Zember, 2009). If their friends are engaging in sexual act, then they are more likely to do the same and vice versa. Furthermore, research has shown that there is no decline in sexual participation when people get older. Because people do not talk about it does not mean they are not engaging in sexual act, which is healthy at any age. Testosterone is a major hormone in males and also important to women. This hormone helps build confidence, aggression, and motivation. In females, the estrogen is an important hormone that helps maintain youthful cell behavior. Decrease production of testosterone in males is called andropause and low level of estrogen in females lead to menopause. The production of these hormones decreases with age that may decrease sexual desire, but it does not have any effect on sexual thoughts and cravings. According to the American Psychological Association, events [such as old age] bring a dramatic shift in understanding and being aware of the human body (Zeiss, 2003). This means that in as much as the younger generation believes that the older generations are done with sex and pleasure, it is often untrue because the latter, as time progresses, begin to crave for more sexual attention. Medications, such as Viagra, come into play. It helps build up confidence and maintain sexual spurs for men. Men and women, regardless of their ages, want to be noticed and complimented regardless of their age. In as much as there is decline in the production of hormones as people age, it does not affect the need for sexual satisfaction. External factors, such as openness of one’s environment and also the people in one’s life can have a huge effect on their sexuality. For instance, for the little baby, self pleasuring himself or herself, if the parent encourages it, that child would grow up accepting his sexuality without any feeling of guilt and vice versa. Also, for a teenager or young adult, if the society frowns on expressive sexuality, that child will grow up being uptight about himself or herself, regardless of the hormones in the body. In addition, if they see their friends having sex, they are more likely to engage in the act. For older generations, who have been through infancy and adolescence, the challenge is about being open on sex and sexual pleasure. If two old couples still live together, away from their children and grand children, there is nothing wrong with them having sex. Age is not a barrier and hormones are not catalyst to aiding sexual thoughts. It is a personal experience and because it is personal; each person is different. There is no question that hormones help male and female become aware of their bodies more during puberty. But that awareness can become a liberal or conservative experience depending on the choice that one makes throughout their lifespan. In summary, it has been found that sexual thoughts are not hindered by age and are naturally propelled more by hormones. Researchers should focus more on how the mind works and if there are other organs or receptors in the body (like the brain) that trigger sexual thoughts. Also, it would be interesting to find out what early sexual experiences has any effect on the sexual experience of older people. For example, do older people who got into sexual acts at very young ages continue to do that when they are older or do they get â€Å"tired†?